Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change - 1404 Words

According to the reports of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, the people have to cut about 90% of the use of fossil fuels worldwide to have a slim chance of stopping Global Warming. If the people have anything less than the percentage given, Global Warming will not stop. As of now Global Warming is a big issue throughout the world. Some say Global Warming is just a myth to scare people and it’s just a natural cause, but there is proof that Global Warming is a fact and that the main cause of Global Warming is anthropogenic causes or man-made. Man has overused the burning of fossil fuels throughout generations and the numbers of burning fossil fuels keeps getting higher every year. The increase of temperatures, sea levels, and carbon dioxide in the last century shows evidence that Global Warming is occurring and man is the main problem. First of all, what is global warming? Global warming is the increase of Earth’s temperature due to carbon dioxide emis sions from burning fossil fuels also known as greenhouse gases (Global Warming). The carbon dioxide traps heat which would make the temperature to rise, this is known as the greenhouse effect. The main causes of global warming would have to be carbon dioxide and air pollution that is going around the atmosphere, trapping the sun’s heat which causes the earth to warm up. Human activity has been a key factor to that. The burning of fossil fuels causes a lot more greenhouse gases to be trapped in theShow MoreRelatedQualifications of Experts on the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change829 Words   |  3 Pagesof climate change has been a critical issue of concern to development, scientific and environmental researchers in the world. All over the world, there have been a lot of issues surrounding the causes and impacts of the phenomenon which led to the establishment of Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) to help assess and provide information about climate change to society (Agrawala, 1998). This essay presents arguments on who is qualified to be an Intergovernmental Panel on Climate ChangeRead MoreIntergovernmental Panel On Climate Change2626 Words   |  11 PagesIntergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) highlighted in its 5th Assessment Report both the unequivocal warming and apparent human influence on the climate system. Anthropogenic (human-induced) climate change was proven by the increasing atmospheric concentration of the greenhouse gases, radiative forcing, and observation over warming and the climate system. It is also emphasized that to reduce changes in the climate system will require substantial and continuous reductions of greenhouse gasRead MoreThe Intergovernmental Panel On Climate Change Advice For Policy Makers863 Words   |  4 PagesThe Intergovernmental panel on Climate Change advice for policy makers is a book with various statistics and facts about what the scientific community has been noticing about the changing environment. The hope for the panel when making this booklet is that they could help guide policy makers towards making more informed decisions about their policies and the effect it is having on the environment. While some of the evidence is almost indisputable many politicians still argue their validity due toRead MoreClimate Change And Its Effect On Earth Essay1293 Words   |  6 Pages What is climate change? Climate change, additionally called an unnatural weather change, alludes to the ascent in normal surface temperatures on Earth. The present warming pattern is of specific essentialness on the grounds that the majority of it is likely human-incited and continuing at a rate that is exceptional in the previous 1,300 years. Earth-circling satellites and other innovative advances have empowered researchers to see the comprehensive view, gathering a wide range of sorts of dataRead MoreThe Issue With Global Warming2241 Words   |  9 PagesHannah Rupp Ms. Clemson Honors English 9 4 June 2014 The Issue with Global Warming Since the 1980’s, climate scientists have constantly been telling the public that their actions were determining the Earth’s demise. They say that the polar ice caps are melting, sea levels are rising, and 1,700 coastal cities will be underwater by 2100 (Struss). And the public believes them. Little do they know that these alarmists are mistaken. Ice levels are growing, not shrinking. In fact, in May 2014, AntarcticRead MoreHuman Systems And Climate Change Essay785 Words   |  4 Pages IPCC Human Systems and Climate Change Overview Kristen Morgan California State University, Bakersfield Human Systems and Climate Change For the last decade, climate change has been a controversial topic amongst governing nations. Determining and agreeing upon appropriate courses of action, as well as the decided effects on populations and ecosystems have also long been debated. With little knowledge on the effects climate change might have on the human population, as well asRead MoreThe Environmental Impacts of Eco-friendly Construction Essay1172 Words   |  5 PagesThe Environmental Impacts of Eco-friendly Construction A considerable change which has occurred in the late 1990s is an increased number of precautions to minimize environmental damage. People, also have become more conscious about environmental protection and as a result there is increased demand for green architectural design which consists of eco-friendly construction. Eco friendly building refers to reduction of energy consumption, waste, pollution and degradation of the environment, protectingRead MoreHumans Impact On Climate Change925 Words   |  4 PagesHumans Impact on Climate Change Most of the blame for climate change over the years especially after the 1850’s has been placed on humans. As long as modern humans have roamed the earth, they have been upsetting the natural balance of the earth. People have did this by clearing areas of land, killing animals, polluting water, etc. Before the â€Å"modern human†, people like the Native Americans cared for the earth. They respected the land and the people that cared for it. Unfortunately, people don’t careRead MoreClimate Change, An Outline Essay876 Words   |  4 PagesClimate Change Topics: 1) What is climate change? 2) Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 3) Causes of climate change 4) Effects of climate change? 5) International Panels on Climate Change 6) What can be done at home? 1) What is climate change? Climate Change is the significant change in the climate and distribution of weather patterns on Earth ranging from the last decade to millennia earlier. 2) Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Currently chaired by Mr. Rajendra Pachauri, this organisationRead MoreNational And International Security Threats896 Words   |  4 Pagescentury† (p. 19). Climate change is a security issue, as it â€Å"threatens to wreak havoc on the natural processes that nurture life.† Examples of the environment as a national security issue: (Deforestation, air pollution, species extinction, oil spills, untreated sewage, etc.): Homer-Dixon (1999) gives examples of how environmental issues threaten security: â€Å"Deforestation increases the scarcity of forest resources, water pollution increases the scarcity of clean water, and climate change increases the

Differences Between Juvenile Adult Justice System Free Essays

Differences between Juvenile and Adult Systems Criminal Justice Systems, CJA302, Module IV – Case Assignment Dr. Gregory Herbert March 8, 2009 History of Criminal Justice System: Differences between Juvenile and Adult Systems When we talk about a juvenile being considered an adult for the purpose of administering justice, there are a multitude of factors that need and should be taken into consideration. First, is the age of the juvenile. We will write a custom essay sample on Differences Between Juvenile Adult Justice System or any similar topic only for you Order Now Secondly, it depends on the type of crime or crimes that the juvenile has committed. Next, is the extent to which the juvenile will benefit from services through the juvenile court system versus the adult court system. Then, the system will examine the degree of criminal sophistication exhibited by the minor. Also, in some instances, a fitness hearing must be held to determine if the minor is â€Å"a fit and proper subject to be dealt with under the juvenile court system†.The District Attorney’s office has 48 hours to decide whether or not to request a fitness hearing. After a fitness hearing is requested, the juvenile (defendant) will usually waive their rights to a speedy trial so both counsels can prepare their arguments for the fitness hearing. All entities will refer to California Welfare and Institutions Code 707 and use the following criteria to determine the juvenile’s fitness.Beginning with the juvenile’s degree of criminal sophistication, whether the juvenile can be rehabilitated prior to the expiration of the juvenile courtâ₠¬â„¢s jurisdiction, previous delinquent history, success of previous attempts by the juvenile court to rehabilitate the juvenile, along with the circumstances and gravity of the offense alleged in the petition to have been committed by the juvenile. There are waiver laws that provide a waiver of juvenile court jurisdiction under certain circumstances, allowing for the transfer of a juvenile’s case from the juvenile system to the criminal court system.There are three types of waivers used in determining whether a juvenile will be tried as an adult. First there is a Legislative Waiver which states; by law, the juvenile’s case must be held in the adult criminal court, based on the offense committed under WIC 602(b)(A) through (G) and the minimum age to be tried as an adult is fourteen years. Some of the offenses that fall under WIC 60(b)(A)-(G) include: murder, rape, forcible sex offenses, forcible lewd and lascivious acts on a child under the age of fourteen, and forcible penetration with an object.The second type of waiver is the Direct File Waiver (formerly known as a Prosecutorial Waiver). The Direct File Waiver allows for the prosecutor to file a criminal claim against a juvenile ‘directly’ in adult criminal court, eliminating the need for a fitness hearing. But, judges may transfer a juvenile to an appropriate juvenile court if the judge deems it to be fair and just. The third type of waiver is the Judicial Waiver. The Judicial Waiver states that in order for a juvenile to be transferred to the adult criminal court, it requires the juvenile to be found â€Å"unfit† for the juvenile system in a fitness hearing.The minimum age of the minor is fourteen years of age. In an effort to fight against juveniles from committing serious crimes, the voters of California in March of 2000 passed Proposition 21 (Gang Violence and the Juvenile Crime Prevention Act). Proposition 21 increased a variety of criminal penalties for crimes committed by juveniles and incorporated many juvenile offenses into the adult criminal system. There is increased punishment for gang related felonies, death penalty for gang-related murder, indeterminate life sentences for home-invasion robbery, carjacking, drive-by shootings, and many other crimes.This Proposition also requires adult trial for juveniles fourteen or older charged with murder or specified sex offenses. Informal probation for juveniles committing felonies was also eliminated and registration was required for gang related offenses. Legislation like that of Proposition 21 shifts the focus of juvenile justice from rehabilitation to punishment as the number of waivers continues to increase nationwide. The juvenile justice system traditionally individualized its decisions due to its rehabilitative nature and perception that juveniles do not have fully developed concepts of what is right and wrong.Also, Proposition 21 shifts the discretionary power from judges to prosecutors. As with most problems in our society, juvenile justice could be more effective as a whole.References Cruz, J. (2002). Juvenile Waivers and the Effects of Proposition 21. Law and Society Review. Retrieved March 3, from www. lawso. ucsb. edu/rreview/issues/2001-2002. Unknown. (2000). California Proposition 21. Retrieved on March 6, 2009 from http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/California_Proposition_21_(2000) Unknown. (2005). The Juvenile Justice System. Retrieved on March 3, 2009 from www. csustan. edu/socialwork How to cite Differences Between Juvenile Adult Justice System, Papers

Operant Conditioning of Autobiographical †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Operant Conditioning of Autobiographical. Answer: Introduction Changing the behavior of young children in order to increase their interest on education is an important part of their characteristics development. The principles of operant conditioning are an important learning tool which helps to change the behavior of young children and help India characteristics development Management. With the help of this learning style it is possible to modify the behavior and thereby change the consequence of characteristics at individual level. The current study focuses on various aspects and theory is related to operant conditioning that can be applied in a case scenario where possible intervention measures can be taken in order to change the behavior of primary students. It also aims to develop an interest among young children about the subjects that are being taught in the class. The strengths and weaknesses of operant conditioning principles are also mentioned that can be applied in the given scenario. At the end final judgment is given on sustainability of operant conditioning which is an approach to bring about behavioral change among primary students. Range of behaviour by Primary Children The behavior that is displayed by primary children with in the classroom is one of the major concerns of early childhood educators. According to Olson (2015), inattention and disturbing behavior of the child of primary classroom are one of the major issues that causes trouble in the overall learning process. Eysenck and Rachman (2013), have added in the context that lack of interest in the learning process due to less attractive mode of education is one of the prime reason for the young children to have disturbing behavior. They also have lack of interest in the education process and the learning system due to prolonged class sessions and in attractive way of teaching. It may be also challenging for them to understand the importance of learning process and also developed the curiosity to gain more knowledge. Lack of concentration among the students is also a major issue that creates problem for the teacher completes the overall learning process. In the given case Jane faces challenges due to lack of participation of the primary students in the teaching process. Lack of communication within the students and also from the teacher is the main cause of lack of student participation in class discussion sessions. The students also failed to gain knowledge and understand the learning lessons as they are not paying attention to the teachings of the class. Hence it is important Jane to ensure that the students change their behavior about the learning process and take active participation in the learning lessons. The principle of operant conditioning is used in the overall process in order to bring about change in the behavior of the primary students. The relevant theories can also be applied in to achieve the purpose. Operant Conditioning and its Application The principles of operant conditioning deal with factors that are the result of intentional actions and that also has the power to affect the surrounding environment. With the application of this theory it is possible to predict the behavior of an individual insert external condition which is more likely to occur. According to the theories of BF Skinner who is regarded as the father of Management operant conditioning, a new term named as the Law of Effect (Zhang et al., 2015). Behavior is regarded as reinforced Trends that can be repeated within characteristics of an individual. On the other hand the behavior which is not reinforced tends to extinguish or weakens along with time. There are many cases where behavior of an individual can be affected due to the act of some other person in the society. According to Debeer et al., (2014), the young children are the worst affected group who get influenced from the characteristics of the society. The behavior of young children totally depen ds on the behavior shown by the elders surrounding them. Positive reinforcement is a major element that can help to improve the behavioral characteristics of a young child and thereby develop their social skills. On the other hand negative reinforcement also has a strong influence on the behavior of a child. Nevertheless negative reinforcement in the behavior of a child can help to remove unpleasant experiences (Brush, 2014). The punishment that are provided two children acts as opposite action of reinforcement as it weekends or eliminates the response of a behavior. It also reverses the behavior of positive or negative characteristics. Demetriou et al., (2016), have mentioned that the main purpose operant conditioning is to modify behavior with the help of positive and negative reinforcement. It is also possible for a child to make association with a particular kind of behavior and also the type of consequences associated with it. For example parents regarding a child for their excellence for achieving something can help as a source of positive reinforcement that can modify the behavior of the child and develop the feeling of encouragement. In the given case, Jain is facing challenge to manage the class of primary students who do not show any encouragement to the lessons that are being taught. They also do not complete their assignment and therefore not able to complete their study lessons. Other Relevant Theories and Strength and weakness of Operant Conditioning In the year 1958 Lawrence Kohlberg develop the theory that explained the model behavioral development within children. According to this theory the moral development of a child occurs at three levels (Kurtines et al., 2014). The first level is called the Preconvention morality, which is the stage up to 9 to 10 years old. At this stage a child do not have their own code of personality or morality. Hamster model behavior is shaped according to the standards of the adults of their life. Child also launches to distinguish between good and bad and thereby is able to avoid the bad things. Punishment is given to a child for doing any wrong things. It is therefore possible for a child to develop the judgmental capacity to choose between correct and wrong decisions. In second level, a young adolescence child begins to develop this moral standard of their adulthood stage. An individual have the capacity to replicate the behavior of a good person and thereby maintain healthy social interaction life. The behavioral awareness among individual increases, and thereby it is possible to follow the protocol of the society. Finally it is the stage of post conventional morality, where an individual develops their own Management judgmental capacity. A child at this stage also becomes aware of the fact that their decision and behavior can influence other people of the society and hence they learn the capacity control their behavior according to different situations (Snarey Samuelson, 2015). One of the main highlighting strength about this theory is that unlike operant conditioning principles this theory can provide details about behavioral developmental within a child and also provide description of each stage of development. Nevertheless, this theory does not provide any proper suggestions to influence the behavior of a child and also improve they are interest upon the education. The Ericsson's theory of psychological development can be divided into 8 different stages that help a child to develop their behavior for a better quality of adulthood life. All healthy individuals must pass through these 8 stages in order to have a healthy character development. The primary stage of this theory is the concept of Trust versus mistrust. A child learns to distinguish between the things that they can trust upon and the things that they might not feel safe. The second stage is about autonomy versus shame and doubt. Here, the child is able to distinguish they are on behavioral characteristics and thereby develop an independent sense of their own. In the following stage a child Learns to develop the behavior of interacting with other children of the society enhance their social skills. They also learn the initiative to take responsibility of their own behavior. The Fourth Stage is an important in the context that in this process a child learns the skill to develop education and also grow a sense of self esteem. This encourages them to gain knowledge from the learning lessons (Macnamara et al., 2016). The next stage occurs during the time of adolescence, where an individual develops the sense of self identity and also has their personal moral values. The behavioral change between childhood and adolescence also occurs during this stage. The next three stages of this theory focuses on life of adulthood middle age and old age. During the stages and individual learn to live in harmony with other people of the society and also develop the characteristics to modify their behavior according to situation they face. The behavior of an individual also decides up on the status of relationship with different other individual of family and social circle (Chee, 2014). There is also the Piagets theory of cognitive development, which aims to develop better understanding of Intelligence growth within individuals. Every child develops their own mental model about the concepts of life. With the help of this theory it is possible to understand the importance of childhood mental development and also modify their behavioral characteristics that can help them in better understanding of the surrounding environment. However, the main drawback of this theory is that it is not possible to measure the IQ level of each student in a primary class. Therefore it is not also possible for that teacher like Jane, to develop a better plan for providing education to the primary Management students. On the other hand, the main strength of this theory is that it tries to explore the genetic cause for behavioral characteristics of a child (Mischel, 2013). As the principles of operant conditioning are strictly based on experimental studies they cannot be applied in every situation of childhood to improve the behavior of students. On the other hand the above-mentioned theories are more practical based and helps to develop the behavioral characteristics depending upon the age of a child. Moreover the principles also defy few of the traditional theories of psychology and hence, there is risk of negative behavioral change among the students (Murphy Lupfer, 2014). It is also challenging to track the progress of behavioral improvement among primary students as like the traditional theories the operant conditioning cannot be applied according to age criteria. Nevertheless the principles of operant conditioning are regarded as most practically applicable tool to influence the behavior of a child in order to develop their sense and learning ability. The research for that develops the principles of operant conditioning has been done without any bias and hence it is possible to be applied for all kind of challenges faced by all categories of primary students. This theory is mainly applicable for educational behavioral change among primary students rather than overall characteristics build up of an individual. Suitability of Operant Conditioning In the given scenario, where Jane has to face challenge due to the lack of attention of the students, it is important to apply the principles of operant conditioning that will help in the behavioural development of the students. As it will apply the positive reinforcement, it will help the children to make use of the positive change within the behaviour and also upon the classroom, which will help to develop the interest among the students. With the help of change in the behaviour among the primary students, it is possible for Jane to develop a sense of better understanding among the students and also develop their curiosity. As the principles aims to change the behaviour of an individual, it is possible to deal with the negative and de-motivated thoughts among individuals. Nevertheless, Jane also needs to ensure that the students are not given enough pressure to change upon their behaviour, which could develop the sense of negative attitude. Moreover, as the principles of operant co nditioning were developed only to influence the classroom behaviour of an individual child, it is not possible to deal with the other social behaviour of a young child. Reference Brush, F. R. (Ed.). (2014).Aversive conditioning and learning. Academic Press. Eysenck, H. J., Rachman, S. (2013).The Causes and Cures of Neurosis (Psychology Revivals): An Introduction to Modern Behaviour Therapy Based on Learning Theory and the Principles of Conditioning. Routledge. Olson, M. H. (2015).An introduction to theories of learning. Psychology Press. Demetriou, A., Shayer, M., Efklides, A. (Eds.). (2016).Neo-Piagetian Theories of Cognitive Development: Implications and Applications for Education. Routledge. Kurtines, W. M., Gewirtz, J., Lamb, J. L. (2014).Handbook of Moral Behavior and Development: Volume 1: Theory. Psychology Press. Snarey, J., Samuelson, P. L. (2015). Lawrence Kohlbergs revolutionary ideas.Handbook of moral and character education, 61-83. Macnamara, B. N., Hambrick, D. Z., Moreau, D. (2016). How Important Is Deliberate Practice? Reply to Ericsson (2016).Perspectives on Psychological Science,11(3), 355-358. Chee, J. (2014). Clinical simulation using deliberate practice in nursing education: A Wilsonian concept analysis.Nurse education in practice,14(3), 247-252. Mischel, T. (Ed.). (2013).Cognitive development and epistemology. Academic Press. Murphy, E. S., Lupfer, G. J. (2014). Basic Principles of Operant Conditioning.The Wiley Blackwell Handbook of Operant and Classical Conditioning, 165-194. Debeer, E., Raes, F., Williams, J. M. G., Craeynest, M., Hermans, D. (2014). Operant conditioning of autobiographical memory retrieval.Memory,22(3), 171-183. Zhang, X., Ruan, X., Xiao, Y., Huang, J. (2015, December). A self-learning sensorimotor model based on operant conditioning theory. InAdvanced Information Technology, Electronic and Automation Control Conference (IAEAC), 2015 IEEE(pp. 572-576). IEEE.

School for Scandal Essay free essay sample

School for scandal is a clear example of a typical 18th century drama. Agree/Disagree with this statement. â€Å"School for Scandal† is an excellent example of a typical 18th century drama. The 18th century begins at the very end of the Restoration in England. After public stage performances had been banned for 18 years by the Puritan regime, the re-opening of the theatres in 1660 signalled a renaissance of English drama. Restoration comedy is characterized by its literary aesthetics and witty dialogue. Restoration comedy is generally plot focused and satirizes the manners and affections of a social class, often represented by stock characters such as the fop and the rake. â€Å"School for Scandal†, although it does not fall exactly within the time period of a restoration play, is a fairly typical example of this style of comedy, albeit purged of material considered â€Å"indecent†. Sheridans satire â€Å"School for Scandal† is a blatant attack on the superficiality of many of the upper class, pointing up at their lack of morals and misplaced attentions. We will write a custom essay sample on School for Scandal Essay or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In a restoration comedy characters are often stock, and their personalities are apparent immediately, this may be to prevent confusion and clutter in complex scenes such as the â€Å"screen scene† that has Sir Peter locked in a trunk, and Lady Teazle hiding behind Josephs screen. The characters in â€Å"School for Scandal† are very clearly defined by their names. The gossips all have names that imply their mischievous or deceptive nature, Lady Sneerwell, Snake, Sir Benjamin Backbite. The Surface familys name is ironic because of the fact that on the surface Sir Olivers sons appear to be the opposite of their true nature. Joseph fancies himself an man of sentiment however he is a hypocrite, and Charles appears to be a drunken wastrel however he has appreciation for his uncle and is generous. In the words of the prologue, â€Å"Again our young Don Quixote takes the road,† and â€Å"seeks his hydra, Scandal, in his den,† Sheridan is armed in the true spirit of comedy to attack the faults and follies of society. Typical of the restoration comedy â€Å"School for Scandal† contains many criticisms of the wealthier social class of the 18th century. The upper class and the sententious sentimental comedies of the time are held up to ridicule in the person of the hypocrite, Joseph Surface. â€Å"Joseph is indeed a model for the young men of the Age – He is a man of Sentiment – and acts up to the Sentiments he professes. † He is so caught up in the false gallop of sentiment that he gives sentiment free reign even when it is entirely necessary. you are going to be moral, and forget that you are among Friends. † Is said by Lady Sneerwell after a unprovoked sentimental rant from Joseph, demonstrating his habituation to his false sentiment. Although â€Å"School for Scandal† follows many traditions customary of the Restoration, one key difference makes it more distinctly an 18th century play. After the boom of the Restoration, the sexual explicitness that restoration comedy was notorious for, and was greatly encouraged by Charles II and by the ethos of his court, was once again deemed indecent. During the restoration, provided a character in a play was witty and charming enough, scandalous and morally reprehensible actions would not be punished. The 18th century was a period of moral puritanicalism and the audiences required that the characters deemed immoral could not go unpunished. This accounts for the revealing of Josephs hypocrisy and Lady Sneerwells exile at the end of the play. The 18th century was a time where sentimental comedy was quite popular and Joseph was a jab at that style of sententious comedy. School for Scandal† is an extremely clear and typical example of an 18th century comedy. It is topical and satirizes social classes of the time period. The aestheticism of the language, and the flat stock characters are indicative of a restoration play. Restoration plays are classified as late as 1710, which is within the 18th century. The lack of lewd conduct onstage, although uncharacteristic of a restoration play, is due to the moral and religious view of the 18th century English and makes the play more emblematic of the period.

Free Essays on Aquarius

Aquarius Aquarius is a member of the Zodiac, a group of constellations that the sun travels through each year. It is best viewed in the fall in the southern sky, although much of the northern hemisphere can see the Water bearer in the spring. Aquarius in one of the oldest constellation in the sky. In Greek myth, Aquarius was a Ganymede, he was kidnapped by Zeus. Zeus sent his eagle, Aquila, to snatch Ganymede out of the fields where the boy was watching over his sheep. Ganymede would become the cupbearer for the Olympian gods. The constellation, crater, is often thought to be Ganymede’s cup. The Sumerians also believed that Aquarius brought on a sort of global flood. Also, many of the stars that make up Aquarius have names that refer to good luck. This is most likely due to the time of the year when the sun would rise in Aquarius. It happened to be at the same time when the rainy season began in the Middle East. You have to use some imagination to see a figure of a boy in the sky. Look at the constellation in the same position as this one. The head is on the right end. Moving left you can see what could be and arm dangling down. Going left more and you get to the lower half of the body, the legs are bent. This may represent the position of Ganymede while being carried by Aquaila to Mount Olympus. There are three globular clusters in Aquarius that may be viewed through a small telescope. The planetary nebula, named the Saturn Nebula, is also in the Water bearer†¦. It is so named because it looks like the planet Saturn when viewed through a telescope. The closest and brightest planetary nebula is the Helix Nebula, located directly east of the â€Å"foot†.... Free Essays on Aquarius Free Essays on Aquarius Aquarius Aquarius is a member of the Zodiac, a group of constellations that the sun travels through each year. It is best viewed in the fall in the southern sky, although much of the northern hemisphere can see the Water bearer in the spring. Aquarius in one of the oldest constellation in the sky. In Greek myth, Aquarius was a Ganymede, he was kidnapped by Zeus. Zeus sent his eagle, Aquila, to snatch Ganymede out of the fields where the boy was watching over his sheep. Ganymede would become the cupbearer for the Olympian gods. The constellation, crater, is often thought to be Ganymede’s cup. The Sumerians also believed that Aquarius brought on a sort of global flood. Also, many of the stars that make up Aquarius have names that refer to good luck. This is most likely due to the time of the year when the sun would rise in Aquarius. It happened to be at the same time when the rainy season began in the Middle East. You have to use some imagination to see a figure of a boy in the sky. Look at the constellation in the same position as this one. The head is on the right end. Moving left you can see what could be and arm dangling down. Going left more and you get to the lower half of the body, the legs are bent. This may represent the position of Ganymede while being carried by Aquaila to Mount Olympus. There are three globular clusters in Aquarius that may be viewed through a small telescope. The planetary nebula, named the Saturn Nebula, is also in the Water bearer†¦. It is so named because it looks like the planet Saturn when viewed through a telescope. The closest and brightest planetary nebula is the Helix Nebula, located directly east of the â€Å"foot†....

Independent Genitive †Definition and Examples

Independent Genitive s The independent genitive is a construction in which the noun following the possessive form is omitted (such as We stopped at Sams), usually because the context makes the meaning clear without it. English also has independent genitive pronouns  (also called strong  or  absolute  possessive pronouns):  mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours,  and  theirs. Unlike dependent genitive pronouns (or weak possessives), which serve as determiners in front of nouns, the independent genitive pronouns take the place of phrases. For example, in the sentence Thats her book, her is dependent on the noun book, while in the sentence Thats hers, hers is independent. Scholarly Examples and Observations Eternal blue neon, were never closed.When the world is asleep,Darling, come take a seat.You can always eat at Joes,Eat at Joes.(Gary Harrison and Matraca Maria Berg, Eat at Joes. Performed by Suzy Bogguss on Voices in the Wind, 1992)My mother learned that she was carrying me at about the same time the Second World War was declared; with the family talent for magic realism, she once told me she had been to the doctors on the very day.(Angela Carter, The Mother Lode. Shaking a Leg. Penguin, 1998)I like the dry cleaners. I like the sense of refreshment and renewal. I like the way dirty old torn clothes are dumped, to be returned clean and wholesome in their slippery plastic cases.(Fay Weldon, The Heart of the Country. Viking Penguin, 1988)Apples market share is bigger than BMWs or Mercedess or Porsches in the automotive market. Whats wrong with being BMW or Mercedes?(Steve Jobs, quoted by Jason D. OGrady  in Apple Inc. Greenwood, 2009)He crossed Fifth Avenue  at St. Patricks and   recalled walking through the church once - such a tourist thing to do - and watching Lois light a candle.(Rick Hamlin, Reading Between the Lines. Howard Books, 2006) Independent and Dependent Genitives An independent genitive is not followed by a noun: An independent genitive is often used in referring to relationships between people, as in these examples. Notice that this construction has a very specific meaning. The independent genitive a friend of Carolines does not mean the same as the dependent genitive Carolines friend: Independent: We met a friend of Carolines in Spain. Dependent: We met Carolines friend in Spain. The independent genitive means one of Carolines friends, who may or may not be known to the hearer. In contrast, the dependent genitive means one specific friend, who is assumed to be known to the hearer. Independent genitives are also used in reference to places and businesses: (Gerald Nelson, English: An Essential Grammar, 2nd ed.  Routledge, 2011) A friend of CarolinesA colleague of FranksAn old army pal of JimsShe stayed at Rebeccas Rebeccas houseI ran into Jim in Sainsburys Sainsburys supermarketI left my wallet in the barbers the barbers shop Independent Genitive Pronouns Note that most of the independent forms are distinguished from the dependent forms simply by the presence of a word-final -s. The exceptions are the 1st-person independent genitive (mine rather than *mys), and the masculine and neutral forms of the 3rd-person independent genitive (his, its), which are identical to the 3rd-person dependent genitive forms. These pronouns are often described as possessive forms. This is not the most useful label, since the meaning of these forms is not restricted to expressing possession. This is shown in the examples in (27), only the first of which can be said to involve the semantic relation of possession: (27a) I must clean my car. (27b) The professors were not surprised by his failure. (27c) Their hometown is Cambridge. (Martin J. Endley, Linguistic Perspectives on English Grammar. Information Age, 2010) There are four sorts of people. (1) He who says What’s mine is mine and what’s yours is yoursthis is the average sort. (And some say, This is the sort of Sodom.) (2) Whats mine is yours and whats yours is minethis is a boor. (3) Whats mine is yours and whats yours is yoursthis is a truly pious man. (4) Whats mine is mine and whats yours is minethis is a truly wicked man. (Tractate  Abot 5:10.  The Book of Jewish Wisdom: The Talmud of the Well-Considered Life, ed. by Jacob Neusner and Noam M. M. Neusner. Continuum, 1996)

Cost Accounting Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Cost Accounting - Research Paper Example Among the various costing methods, absorption costing and marginal costing are the two important tools that are widely used for managerial decision making. This piece of research paper describes the differences between these two methods and explains the arguments for and against these costing methods. Marginal Costing As Lucey and Lucey (2002, p. 296) defined, marginal costing is an accounting system in which variable costs are charged to some specific cost units for a period of time and fixed costs are fully written off against the total contribution, which is the value of sales less variable costs. Marginal costing is widely used and is considered to be more effective and useful in the valuation of stocks and in the calculation of total costs of goods sold because of that only variable manufacturing costs are considered in this type of costing method. Variable manufacturing costs are considered in this costing method as they are attributed to the cost units and fixed costs are igno red. Marginal cost and variable production costs are more often used interchangeably. When ever an extra one unit of the output is manufactured, the additional cost incurred for manufacturing that one extra unit will be ultimately variable because the fixed cost remains always constant. Weygandt, Keiso and Kimmel (2005, p. 265) pointed that fixed manufacturing costs are never considered to be production costs and these are not considered in the inventory valuation as well as in management’s decision making process. Marginal costing is a strategic managerial accounting tool that can be used to disseminate managerial information about costs incurred in the manufacturing and other business operation and relationship between some of the significant elements such as profit, volume, costs and efficiency. Glautier and Underdown (2001, p. 441), found that the very basic advantage of using marginal costing is that it is an easy success-pathway for the management to make proper decisio n and achieve business success accordingly. Absorption Costing Absorption or full costing, in contrast, considers all the manufacturing costs including both variable and fixed costs. All manufacturing costs are fully attributed and absorbed to the final output (Jawahar-Lal, 2008, p. 627). direct costs are attributed directly to the cost units and thus they can easily be identified along with the output, whereas manufacturing overheads are attributed to the product and other overheads including administration and selling expenses. As Williams, Haka and Bettner (2004, p. 923) argued, the use of absorption costing will be very effective when the variable costs such as direct material costs and direct labor costs are directly charged to the product and fixed costs are charged proportionately to different products manufactured during a particular period of time. One of the criticisms that absorption method of costing faces is that it presumes prices as the functions of the costs and thus demand of the product is less considered. It includes past costs that are relatively less relevant to the current pricing and is therefore relatively less dependable for managerial decision making. Absorption costing may not be an

The four seasons Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The four seasons - Essay Example Effects of the sun are therefore stronger. The temperatures are high with heat waves and the season brings drought and dry winds. These restrict people’s activities such as agriculture that depend on particular weather conditions. The season also identifies weathering of plants leaves in response to the dry condition so that the plants can minimize water loss to the atmosphere. The weather season also forces people to wear light cloths in order to maintain fair body temperatures. Autumn is another weather season that comes after summer. It is characterized by relatively shorter days than summer is. The weather is cooler and the environment has frost in the morning. It is a transition between summer and winter and can have mild characteristics of either the summer season or the winter season. Shading off tree leaves is another important characteristic of the season. Because of the cooler weather in summer, people change their dressing styles to heavier cloths that suit the moderate weather because changed weather does not favor the light summer cloths. The change in weather and anticipation of less dry conditions also means that people can engage in agricultural activities. The gradual change in weather condition that is witnessed in autumn increases in winter and extreme weather is experienced. The winter season is for example cold and snows are common. Rainfall is more frequent and the low temperatures make it snowy. These extreme environmental factors restrict people’s activities such as movements and means of transport are adversely affected. People are also forced to change their dressing styles to heavier clothes and may have to warm their rooms and houses in order to avoid negative effects of cold. Because of the adverse weather conditions, people restrict their movements and only travel when necessary. Spring follows winter and has less adverse weather conditions. The sun shines more than it does in winter and temperatures are relatively higher.

Shakespeares baptismal Essay Example for Free

Shakespeares baptismal Essay William Shakespeare was born in April of 1564. There is no specific date of birth because at that time the only date of importance was the date of baptism, though infants often were baptized when they were three days old. Shakespeares baptismal date was April 26, 1564. Shakespeare was born in the village of Stratford-upon-Avon in Warwickshire. At the time of his birth, the village had a population of 1500 people, and only 200 houses. Shakespeares father came from a family of yeomen, and he gained many prestigious positions in the community. Shakespeares mother came from an ancient family of landed gentry. The whole family was Anglican. The familys financial situation was well off. Not much information is known about Shakespeares youth, although undoubtedly he was educated in the local school, where he studied Latin and Greek, among other subjects, during a school day that often lasted from dawn to dusk. Shakespeares first exposure to the theatre probably occurred when he was young. As a child his father probably took him to see plays when travelling troupes of actors came to town, although that was not often. Shakespeare was married to Anne Hathaway in 1582, when he was 18; she was 26, eight years his senior. The exact wedding date is uncertain, but the marriage certificate was issued on November 27, 1582. William and Anne had their first child, Susanna, in May of 1583. This was followed by the birth of twins, Hamnet and Judith, in January of 1585. Most historians believe that Shakespeare was not often around his family in Stratford after that because historical records show him in London during the following years. The first written reference to Shakespeares existence in London occurred in 1592, when Shakespeare was in his late twenties. He seems to have been fairly well established in the theatre by that point, since the reference, written by another playwright, hints of jealousy at Shakespeares success. With his two patrons, the Earls of South Hampton and Pembrooke, Shakespeare rose quickly in the theatre as both an actor and an author. He joined the Lord Chamberlains Men, an acting company which was protected by the Queen, becoming a shareholder and senior member in 1595. Because of his success in London, he was able to purchase New Place, the largest and most elegant house in his home town of Stratford, when he was in his early thirties (1597). In addition to his popularity as both an actor and playwright, Shakespeare became joint owner of the famous Globe theatre when it opened in 1599. His share of the companys management added heavily to his wealth. Shakespeares financial success in the London theatre enabled him to retire and return to his home in Stratford around 1610. He lived there comfortably until his death on April 23, 1616 (it is popularly believed that he died on his birthday). He is buried in Holy Trinity Church in Stratford-upon-Avon. Though Shakespeare is most closely associated with the Elizabethan period, his career can be categorized as both Elizabethan and Jacobean, as several works were completed after James I became king in 1603.

Free Essay on Eating Disorder - Eating Disorders :: Exploratory Essays Research Papers

Eating Disorders It seems like every little girl dreams of becoming a model. They want to be thin and pretty like the models they see on television and in magazines. Often the desire becomes an obsession and young girls see "thinness" as being a needed characteristic. For many girls, the teenage years are spent trying to acquire this look. Females are trying diets and are exercising like it is a competition to see who can lose the most weight the quickest. The obsession of many young girls over their appearance or weight has led to a growing number of people who have developed an eating disorder to try to deal with their lack of self-esteem or other related problems. Eating disorders are a serious health problem. Personal Counseling & Resources says that eating disorders "are characterized by a focus on body shape, weight, fat, food, and perfectionism and by feelings of powerlessness and low self-esteem." Three of the most common eating disorders are anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and binge eating or compulsive eating disorder. According to Anorexia Nervosa and Related Eating Disorders, a person with anorexia "refuses to maintain normal body weight for age and height" and "weighs 85 percent or less than what is what is expected for age and height." A person diagnosed with bulimia has several ways of getting rid of the calories such as binge eating, vomiting, laxative misuse, exercising, or fasting. The person might have a normal weight for their age and height unless anorexia is present. The signs of a compulsive eater include eating meals frequently, rapidly, and secretly. This person might also snack and nibble all day long . The compulsive eater tends to have a history of diet failures and may be depressed or obese (Anred.com). There are many reasons that can contribute to the cause of eating disorders. One of the main reasons seems to be the obsession over every little pound a person is wearing. Sometimes low self-esteem or depression from any number of causes can usher in the eating disorder. Other times compulsive exercising can help shed the pounds but leave the enthused unhealthy looking. There are other possible causes to this widely known health problem.

Military Essay

With over 12 years of civilian government, can anyone point to any tangible or credible development in our nation apart from the over inflated GSM services which was done by the Obasanjo government and only one or two state governors performing above par. The rest are just useless, this has been the case with every democratic dispensation right from the first republic. The first republic was slightly better, save some regions. The second, third and the current crops are blatant real thieves in agbada and babariga. Shame on the lot of them. I prefer the military as least we know where we stand and how far we can misbehave. Most infrastructural developments in the country where done under the military regime e.g. – the famous lagos-ibadan expressway – Gowon, the plan was to make that expressway all the way to ilorin. – lagos international airport (known now as MMIA) – Gowon – building of oil refineries – Gowon – 3rd Mainland bridge – Babangida – effective law & order – Buhari – dealing with foreign companies (e.g British Airways) – Abacha – plain level exchange rate – Abacha – festac nigeria – Obasanjo -operation feed the nation – Obasanjo The list is endless, but our civilian governments have been just too merciless, taking jumbo pays and doing absolutely nothing. Someone can help us check, how many bills were passed last year, instead they are always eager or will fight if their allowances are being debated Unfortunately and this is sad, we in Nigeria are not yet ripe or intellectuall y developed to operate a democratic government What is needed is a real tough no nonsense military ruler, who specialises in kicking backsides

Is Coffee Drinking a Social Problem? Essay

Social issues are matters that cannot be controlled by individuals and is most often created by the social environment that the individual is socializing in. Social issues are discussions that have a direct effect on the everyday life of society and are usually politically related. Some examples of social issues are poverty, violence, justice, and violation of human rights, equality and crime. A social issue usually involves discussions of conflicting viewpoints that create tension between the disagreeing parties. With this said, one may ask, â€Å"How then, is it possible for coffee drinking to be called a social problem? † Coffee drinking is a socially accepted norm that dates back to the 16th century when the first coffee house was established in Persia where it gained a reputation as a social gathering place. By 1652, the coffeehouses were places where the British would go to conduct business or read the daily paper. Eventually is provided a refuge for coffee patrons to discuss politics and ideas. Pretty much the same purpose coffee drinking serves society today. 1950’s America established coffee drinking and houses as places of intellectual gathering. In modern America, coffee drinking has provided a social alternative for the youth that are not allowed entry into bars due to age restrictions. It gives them the taste of being in a bar like atmosphere but without the dangers that those alcoholic bars usually present to under age drinkers. Coffee drinking is now considered a sophisticated social act with places like Starbucks creating sophisticated coffee drinks and atmospheres for the drinkers to talk about. There is no merit to the idea that coffee drinking poses a social problem. Coffee drinking is not a social problem but a social enhancement or solution in most instances. It is also a healthy alternative for most people who are withdrawing from real social problems like substance or alcohol abuse. It is an alternative lifestyle for those who dislike the disco and bar scene as well. Work Cited: Social Benefits of Coffee. Coffee and People. 2003-2004 Retrieved February 23, 2007 from http://www. ringsurf. com/info/Food/Coffee/Benefits_of_Coffee/Social/.

Angela’s Ashes Essays

Angela’s Ashes Essays Angela’s Ashes Paper Angela’s Ashes Paper Essay Topic: The Book Of the City Of Ladies Oscar Wilde once said, â€Å"The truth is rarely pure and never simple. † Ladies and Gentlemen, it is with great pleasure that I am here today to speak to you about a contentious topic. The question for debate is the definition of a classic and who shall decide which works deserve this highly esteemed title. The canonical value of a work can be decided at the hands of an elite range of high culture intellectuals. This exclusive few can deny the quality of a work, or confer the novels value.Lexically, this guarantee of high aesthetic quality serves a contract that redeems in the authoritative list that ensures the novels value is recognized as a timeless classic for many generations to come. The natural question is then to ask ourselves if the truths conveyed throughout the work have been silenced or marginalized, and to what extent the author has made to produce the whole truth. The novel I will critique and look more closely into during today’s seminar will be Frank Mc Courts’, Angela’s Ashes (1996). SLIDE) Please look towards the screen above me, and you will see some of the novels key facts to familiarize yourself more adequately with the work. To enter the canon, or more importantly to be entered into the canon, is to gain obvious such privileges (Landow, 1989). The canon serves a powerful purpose to regard novels in a light that must be valued and privileged, by both the author and reader. Nevertheless, a novel becomes immortal once entered into the world of canonization, which clearly allows a work to be enjoyed.Read also   ANALYSIS OF OUR SECRET BY SUSAN GRIFFINFailing to gain entrance into the elite can quite often result in the unnoticed. Belonging to the canon confers status, a guarantee of quality, which declares to the reader that there is something to be enjoyed as an aesthetic object (Landow, 1989). The high culture of influential critics, museum directors and board of trustees who make these judgments hold the gate k ey to a fortress of high status. It is of great honour for authors to be a part of this highly esteemed group of elite, the authoritative list.The power of Angela’s Ashes (1996) imbued on every page holds the truths Frank McCourt claims through the story of his childhood. It is through a smokescreen of poverty, sexism and survival that these truths are constructed. The work bears all the marks of a classic, thus, such elements the novel excrete infer that it is of classical value indicative of the awards attained for its achievements. Frank McCourt won the 1997 ‘Pulitzer Prize for biography or autobiography’, the 1996 ‘National Critics Circle Award’ and the 1997 ‘Boeke Prize’ for his memoir. SLIDE) As you can see on the screen above me, there are many works by Frank McCourt have inherited the title of canonical value such as Angela’s Ashes (1996), Teacher Man (2005) and Tis’(1999), but many of McCourt’s ‘truths ’ exhibited in his works have gone under fire. Within Angela’s Ashes (1996), McCourt’s highly lucrative memoir of his childhood managed to portray the fundamental truths about the human condition, a universal theme which confides in every human being.McCourt reconstructed his life as a young boy in Ireland during the late 1930’s, conveying certain truths about the Irish town of Limerick and the dire circumstances he and his family faced. (SLIDE) Many Irish and Irish-Americans took up a resistant reading towards McCourt’s Angela’s Ashes (1996) claiming that the authors ‘exaggerations’ about the poverty and hunger within Ireland in the late 1930s were false. The Irish claimed, â€Å"That never happened. McCourt’s a first-class liar† (Phelan, 2009). The question I am here to discuss is, who the real Frank McCourt was, and did he win the Pulitzer Prize with his memoir under false pretences? Brennan, 2009). (SLIDE) The portrayal of his mother was an important motif in the contemporary framing of the novel. In the very feudal pages of the memoir, Frank McCourt introduces his mother Angela as â€Å"the pious defeated mother moaning by the fire,† (Angela’s Ashes 1996, p 1). Quite early on in the work it is obvious that the reader is going to be exposed to a woman of despair and heartache which will position the reader to disconnect with Angela’s struggle. McCourt fails to marginalize his mother in a way that would situate her in a light of bliss motherhood.Frank McCourt’s depiction of his mother when Malachy left the family for England was anything but fair as her plight to regain her families well-being was silenced. Her defeat came sharply when Frank McCourt described her relationship with Leman Griffin as the reader was positioned to side with Frank’s hurt and anger towards his mother for entering into this scrupulous situation. Memory is an amorphous creation of the human mind that can become more than sedentary recollection (Withey, 2012). Patricia Rampl emphasizes that, â€Å"Each of us must have a created version of the past. Frank McCourt has ‘created’ his work based on memory he has recalled from his earlier years. Angela’s Ashes (1996) depicts McCourt’s’ truth about his childhood, even his most infinitesimal details are authentic as he has constructed the memories into the book, perhaps leaving gaps and silencing certain people, or events, but always transmitting the truths he recollects. McCourt’s remembrances don’t have to follow the bare facts of his life, rather, characterizes the very nature in which the novel steers towards.With time, McCourt would have intensified what was important in his past and lay aside the inconsequential (Withey, 2012). A single memory can clearly illustrate the desperation of McCourt’s childhood in sheer poverty. When he falls asleep I take the gr easy newspaper from the floor. I lick the front page, which is all advertisements for films and dances in the city. I lick the headlines. I lick the great attacks of Patton and Montgomery in France and Germany. I lick the war in the pacific. I lick the obituaries and the sad memorial poems, the sports pages, the market prices of eggs butter and bacon.I suck the paper till there isn’t a smidgen of grease. I wonder what I’ll do tomorrow. Angela’s Ashes, p296 (SLIDE) When image of an event by an adult mind can be intensified, the reader can be cognizant of that licking the war, politics and entertainment is an illustration that hunger and survival are all paramount to all else. McCourt’s truths have shaped the works of Angela’s Ashes (1996), Teacher Man (2005) and Tis’ (1999), to depict a story, a memory, and the truths that have shaped his life. If there are any questions, now is your time to speak up.

Your Opinion and Mine

Your Opinion and Mine In every wood in every spring there is a different green. ~ J. R. R. Tolkien (The Fellowship of the Ring) Recently theres been bru-ha-ha over Goodreads. About how readers and authors dont mix. How some authors dont like a lot of the reviews and threaten reviewers, and about how reviewers feel the latitude to crucify writers without ramifications. And I shook my head at the squabble amongst children. There are trolls out there. Ive banned them myself. Oh, you dont want my opinion? I was asked. This is just about siding with Hope Clark? I did not answer. I dont believe in arguing with children. As the persons posts  escalated, demeaning me and others, feeling free and unchecked, I just blocked her. No drama, no explanation, no last retort. My followers deserve better. My time is worth more. When you have a Facebook or Twitter account, or blog, or write op-eds anywhere, you are entitled to your opinion. Deliver it with intelligence and professionalism and expect feedback. But it crosses the line of maturity when one side or the other demands to be heard, demands to be right, and curses the other side for being different. You cannot win arguing with those people. You cant win arguing period. Because when you reach the level of arguing, which means you ditch adult debate, you are flexing your muscles saying your dad is bigger and can whip your dad. Which sounds like just what it is . . . playground banter.  Lately were even hearing about adults taking this squabble to the point of threats. I want to pinch their heads off, on both sides. Nobody able to keep their bloody mouths shut. So many wanting to snap and win. Tell me thiswhat do you win if you indeed best the other side? You dont, because youve exposed your ass to the world and you cant unsee whats been seen. Asses are rarely pretty. Ive received some silly reviews, silly in my opinion. I let them stand, mainly because I recognize that reviewer as having an opinion, too. I dont ask for explanation. Why? The majority of my reviews love the books. Thats my focus, not the oddities. Not the anomalies. Not the folks who feel empowered at a keyboard. Ill let the numbers speak. Obsessing over the one bad review undermines all the good ones, draws attention to it. Frankly, the good reviews prove that the bad review holds less value. All without arguing. I repeat . . . all without arguing. Ill respect your right to review as you please, and you respect my right to write as I please. My stories may swear, bleed or have sex. You may not like stories that swear, bleed or have sex. But I dont believe in the reviewer slashing the author, her life, or her beliefs over how she tells a tale. And I dont believe in an author doing the same against a reviewer. I know where you live, has no place in this profession, from either side. When you take it personal, you show the world you have a thin skin, and that your focus is not where it should be . . . on reading and writing good books.

Medical workers involved in CIA interrogations Essay

Medical workers involved in CIA interrogations - Essay Example The fact remains that harm was caused to the prisoners. The intentions are not a factor when determining a breach of medical, moral ethics. Belmont report identifies three principles that must be adhered to when conducting researchers with the human being as study sample. They include the protection of human rights, ensuring justice so that those who bear the burden should also reap the benefits and the beneficence principle which requires the express consent of the people involved. In this research, none of the principles were upheld. Human rights were abused, and the prisoners were not done any justice as they were not the beneficiary. Further, the prisoners did not consent to the research and hence the beneficence principle was disregarded. The actions by the doctors were evil when looked at in different dimensions: religion, secular or even to Kant’s ethics. There is no religion or secular civilization that supports human right abuse. Even Kant’s ethics prioritizes the respect for human right. I do not agree with the policy of treating such reports as confidential. Utility principle has it that the report would only be important if intended to create happiness and pleasure. As such, if the report cannot be used to prevent such human abuse from re-occurring, then it was an effort in futility. I think doctors in such cases should be personally held responsible for causing harm to persons. I think the principle of human right should come to play to ensure that its abuse is punished according to the law.

Legal Requirements of a Will Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Legal Requirements of a Will - Essay Example Having understood the meaning of the will, the next step in the process of formation of the will is to understand the requirements of creating the will which has to be legally binding in the Court of law. Following are the conditions which have to be fulfilled in order to have a legally binding Will: 1. The Will made by the Testator must be the final version of his Will. There shall be no will made by him before he finally signs the Will, if in case there is a Will previous to the final Will then that Will shall be terminated and duly notified in the existence of the new and the final draft. 2. The Will shall be signed by the Testator 3. The Will shall have two witnesses at the least, and the witness’s shall have no inheritance of the assets in the structure of the Will, as they are supposed to be independent people who have no interest coming out from the creation of the Will. The Will should be signed by them. 4. The Testator has to be of sound mind and should be above 18 years of age. 5. The Testator should have an executer to execute the Will in the favour of the beneficiaries after his death, since the executer is the one who is responsible for the execution of the Will and making sure that the beneficiaries get their due share in accordance to the Will. 6. The Testator has to clearly identify the inheritors of his will and has to account for his property in full valuation.

Marketing of World Cup Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5500 words

Marketing of World Cup - Essay Example In order to understand well the history of soccer, it is appropriate to grasp how the professional sports came into being. People have always sought to have and enjoy leisure time which in most cases was not possible. This urge built up and people were able to form some organized sports in the mid ninetieth century. Before then, people, especially in America, had some forms of skills but they had not been put into practice and they were not standardized. It is the increased interests and the urge to make the recreational activities better and enjoyable that led to the development of various rules and regulations to govern the activities such that they became more organized. The organized groups developed into more established and well-managed teams with the members being more serious. The aspect of competition also came up where different teams could compete and have some rewards for the winning teams. The teams got skills through training and could now compete on national and intern ational levels. The games started with simple aspects like curling, bowling after which professional sports like baseball, basketball, hockey and football came about. Just like any other aspect, the field of sport has grown from very humble beginnings of very simple groups of social interactions to more organized activities, specialized and sophisticated professional sports. That has also transformed to the modern big tournaments like the popular world cup events. The splitting marked the beginning of the today’s most famous game, which is soccer.

Episiotomy Rates Vary Widely Worldwide

Episiotomy Rates Vary Widely Worldwide Labour is a wondrous act of nature and unique to every childbearing women. It is a transformative and special event in a womens life. It is the magic of creation. The very process of giving birth is the most beautiful one on earth and the mother attains unique capacities and true nobility through childbirth. The onset of motherhood present a unique set of physical, emotional and psychological challenges. Episiotomy is a common surgical procedure performed during second stage of labour. The first performance of episiotomy was done in 1742, when perineal incision was made to facilitate difficult deliveries (Grass, Dunn and stys 1986). It is made both to prevent tearing of the perineum and to release pressure on the fetal head with birth (Lawsan and Bienstock, 2007). It is the only procedure in obstetrics is performed without the patients specific consent. The advantage of an episiotomy is that it substitutes a clean cut for a ragged tear, minimize pressure on the fetal head, and may shorten the last portion of the second stage of labour (Incerpi,2007). Episiotomy rates vary widely worldwide, depending on whether the procedure is used restricvely / routinely. The worldwide episiotomy rate was 27%, 54% are nulliparous and 6% are multiparous women (WHO 2003).Rates vary from 8% in the Netherlands,13% in England to 25% in the USA. Among English speaking countries, the US had the highest episiotomy rate, varying greatly from region to region. One in three mothers who delivered vaginally in the U.S from 1995 to 2003 had episiotomies. In India the birth rate is very high 56% of women had an episiotomy compared to the 46% of white women. The difference between these percentage (10%) is measure of the excess frequency of episiotomy in Indian women. According to the American college of Obstetrics and Gyenaecology, approximately one in three women having a vaginal delivery also have an episiotomy. Approximately 70% of women with a vaginal birth experienced some degree of damage to the perineum due to tear (or) episiotomy and needed stitches. Like any other surgical incision, episiotomy results in some discomforts for most of postpartum patients (Hill,2000). Although relatively small in size, episiotomy sutures can cause considerable discomfort, because the perineum is an extremely tender area and the muscles of the perineum are involved in so many activities such as sitting, squatting ,bending ,urinating and defecating. Even without episiotomy women may experience bruising / tearing in the perineum. This is the most common source of infection in the days after giving birth. Various interventions are found to reduce episiotomy wound infection and enhance the healing process which include administration of antibiotics, cleanliness, topical application of ointments, infra red therapy, sitz bath, performance of kegals exercise and perineal care (Helen et.al 2009). In addition complementary therapy is another great aid to perineal healing. In recent years it has been seen that there has been a shift people from allopathy medicine to complementary medicine. The shift may be because people are becoming more conscious of their health and realize the need of holistic health. Quality of life is felt more important. In 2007 National health interview survey of complementary medicine use by Americans, showed that approximately 38% adults use complementary medicine. A survey by NPS medicine wise in 2008 revealed that 65% of Australians had used one (or) more complementary medicine in the previous 12 months. The term complementary medicine is primarily used to describe practices employed in conjunction with (or) to complement conventional medical treatment. Complementary medicine is sometimes called mind body medicine because it is an approach to healing that uses the power of thought and emotions positively influence physical health ( USA Drug, 2005). Complementary therapies can help to boost the immune system, help eliminate toxins, help relieve pain, improve sleep pattern, increase energy levels, induce sleep relaxation, reduce stress and tension, restore balance to body systems. Lavender oil is one of the complementary medicine. It has a light fresh aroma, is clear in color and watery in viscosity. Lavender has been use continuously for thousands of years, either in the form with lavender water of essential oil / dried flowers. In the 1800s the yardly company in England, realizing the healing properties of lavender , began adding it to their soaps and perfumes. Lavender oil promotes rapid healing and helps to prevent scarring. These remarkable healing properties of lavender were accidently discovered by French chemist Dr. Rene Maurice Gattefosse when he burnt his hand in a laboratory experiment. He instantly plunged it into a nearby bowl of lavender oil and discovered that it stopped throbbing pain and allowed the burn to heal quickly. The therapeutic properties of lavender oil are antiseptic, analgesic,anticonvulsant,antidepressant,antirheumatic,antispasmodic,antiinflammatory,antiviral,bactericidal,sedative,carminative,soothing,hypotensive,decongestant and diuretic. The main effects of lavender are calming, soothing, balancing and normalizing. Lavender can be used to a state of mental and physical imbalances to a state balance in which healing can take place. On the skin, lavender oil tones, revitalizes and it is useful for all types of skin problems such as abscesses, acne, oily skin, boils, burns, sunburns, wound, psoriasis, insect bites, injuries and also acts as an insect repellant. Lavender oil can be used in a sitz bath and it would also have the added benefit of decreasing anxiety in the new mother which povidine iodine does not. Research carried out at Huntingtons Hinchinbrooke Hospital has found that the use of lavender oil in the sitz bath led to greater comfort and improved healing of the perineum between the third and fifth days after delivery. Adding lavender oil to a sitz bath aids in the healing of torn vaginal tissue. It also prevents the formation of excessive scar tissue, according to Margaret Fawcett of Aroma therapist and author of Aromatherapy for pregnancy and childbirth. It is one of the safest essential oil and can be used in full strength on the skin also referred to as neat. The use of lavender oil can be effective in reducing perineal discomfort and promote wound healing following episiotomy. It is being used due to its antiseptic and healing properties. Lavender oil is found as a good choice in treating episiotomy wound healing because of its cell regenerating properties. Need for the Study The postnatal period refers to 6 weeks period after childbirth. The period is popularly termed the fourth trimester of pregnancy. It comprises an amazing variety of complex physiologic and psychological adaptations. Protecting a womenà ¡Ã‚ ¾Ã‚ ½s health as these changes occur is important for preserving the future childbearing function and for ensuring that she is physically well enough to incorporate her new child into her family. The physical care a women receives during the postnatal period can influence her health for the rest of her life. The nurses role is vital as she assists the mothers through these adjustments and supports them as they make a fresh start as a new family. Postnatal women are more prone for puerperal infection as a result of episiotomy which can be prevented by proper postnatal care. Approximately 33% of women with vaginal delivery had episiotomy in 2000 (American College of Obstetricians Gynaecologist, 2008). However the prevalence of episiotomy is not the same in different countries, Asian race are presumed to have smaller and tighter perineum so, the routine episiotomy may reduce the risk of Perineal tearing during delivery (lam et.al 2008). Studies about the episiotomy rates around the world showed that this surgery ranged from 9.7% (western Europe-Sweden) to 96.2% (South Africa-Ecuador) with lowest episiotomy rates in English speaking countries (North America Canada united states) and it remained high in many countries (centered south -America like brazil-94.2%, south Africa-63.3% and Asia like China-82%). One study revealed that episiotomy was performed in 97.3% of 510 primiparous women who had vaginal delivery in Tehran (Shojariet.al.2009). Barnabas (July 2012) conducted a study to determine the rate and risk factors for episiotomy at Baptist medical centre, Nigeria. Out of 280 subjects who had vaginal delivery, 96 (34.3%) subjects had episiotomy .The rate of episiotomy decreased with parity. The nulliparous had the highest rate (62.2%). The episiotomy rate among assisted vaginal delivery was 80.0% among those who had spontaneous delivery. Law kw, wong Hs, Pan Tc (2006) were reviewed the use of episiotomy during vaginal delivery in Hongkong puplic hospitals. A prospective observational survey was carried out in total 6222. Women who underwent normal vaginal delivery of a singleton fetus with cephalic presentation of the 6167 women in whom the status of the perineum was known. Episiotomy was performed in 5274 (85.5%). Primiparous women were more likely to undergo episiotomy at delivery than multiparous women (97.9% vs. 71.4%). Several studies suggest that using episiotomy in normal delivery results in fewer perineal laceration and trauma. The episiotomy discomfort and its consequences can affect maternal quality of life as well as the mothers and baby relationship. Like any other surgical procedure episiotomy carries number of risks: excessive blood loss, hematoma formation and infection ( Roberts and Chalmers 1989) S.T Sule and S.D. Shittu ( July 2003) conducted a prospective cohort study to establish the epidemiological variables associated with episiotomies and their puerperal complications at Ahmadu bedlo university teaching hospital Zaria. The result findings suggest that the episiotomy rate was 35.6% of all vaginal deliveries . Episiotomies were significantly associated with primi gravida. The most common puerperal complications of episiotomies was asymmetry (32.9%), infection (23.7%), partial dehiscence (14.5%), hemorrhage (5.3%) and extension of the incision (1.3%). Nahid Arianpour 2009 (June) conducted a descriptive study to determine the bacterial species in postpartum infections at khanevadeh hospital. Postpartum infections among 6077 patients from 2003 till 2008 was studied in this study. In this study out of there different kinds of postpartum infections (i,e genital, breast and urinary tract ). Only genital infection is considered. Postpartum infections among 6077 patients from 2003 till 2008 was studied in this study. In result findings revealed that 7.59% (461 ) patients had postpartum infection, out of which 1.03%(63) patients were re hospitalized. The commonest infection was infection at the site of episiotomy. Kathelin Karla (2005) stated that the routine use of episiotomy harmful to the pelvic floor that creates greater extent of surgical incision and delayed perineal wound healing, compared with no episiotomy group. Continues improvement in quality of care after episiotomy could helps to control the infection and improves episiotomy wound healing. Nurse midwife plays on important role to promote postnatal care , to prevent complication of episiotomy wound earlier and hence force to bring a healthy mother. A well integrated postnatal care has an important role in assessing the transition to physical and psychological well being of the mother and baby . Episiotomy wound care is important for comfort and cleanliness and to prevent infection. Attention should be afforded to episiotomy wound care since it parallels any other wound. One of the suggested method is a regular antiseptic sitz bath. Nowadays using complementary therapies such as essential oils have been recognized in Obstetrics. Mechanism of action of each essential oils is related to its complex active substances .One of the main action of these oils are easy absorption through the skin. The molecule of essential oils are small enough to permeate through the skin barrier. The molecule will be absorbed easily into the skin within 20-40 minutes depending on the chemical nature of the oil. Lavender oil is one of the frequently prescribed essential oil due to its antibacterial, antifungal, sedative, anti depressant and healing properties. Research has been done to evaluate the effect of lavender oil sitz bath on episiotomy wound healing (Katayan Vakilan 2012). This randomized control trial was conducted on 120 primiparous women with singleton pregnancy who had received mediolateral episiotomy during spontaneous delivery. Redness in lavender oil group was significantly less than control group (p Fatemeh Sheikhan (Feb 2012) conducted a study on use of lavender oil essence in primiparous women in Iran. This clinical trial was involved 60 primiparous women. In result the REEDA score was significantly lower in experimental group (lavender group) 3 days after episiotomy (p=0.000). It is suggested that lavender oil essence may be preferably to the use of betadine for episiotomy wound care. Though there are many studies done in various methods of episiotomy healing, only a very few studies are conducted to assess the effectiveness of lavender oil sitz bath on episiotomy wound healing. So the researcher felt the need to evaluate the effectiveness of lavender oil sitz bath on episiotomy wound healing among postnatal mothers with episiotomy. Statement of the Problem A study to evaluate the effectiveness of lavender oil sitz bath on episiotomy wound healing among post natal mothers in government head quarters hospital at kanchipuram. Objectives To assess the level of episiotomy wound healing among postnatal mothers in experimental and control group. To evaluate the effectiveness of lavender oil sitz bath on episiotomy wound healing among postnatal mothers in experimental group. To determine the association between the level of episiotomy wound healing among postnatal mothers with their selected demographic and obstetric variables in experimental and control group. Hypothesis H1-There will be a significant difference between the mean post test level of episiotomy wound healing between experimental and control group. H2- There will be a significant association between the level of episiotomy wound healing with their selected demographic variables among postnatal mothers in experimental and control group. Operational Definition Effectiveness In this study effectiveness refers to the extend to which the lavender oil has produced desirable effect on episiotomy wound healing. Lavender Oil Sitz Bath It is a clean procedure in which the perineal area is immersed in 4 liter of warm water with a temperature of 100 105ËÅ ¡F added with 5 drops of lavender oil for 10-15 minutes thrice a day for 3 days is used. Episiotomy It refers to the surgical incision on the median or right/ left medio lateral aspect of the perineum during second stage of labour to enlarge the vaginal introitus, to facilitate easy and safe delivery. Postnatal Mothers It refers to mothers who have undergone normal vaginal delivery and instrumental delivery with episiotomy. Episiotomy Wound Healing It refers to absence of redness ,edema, ecchymosis , discharge and presence of well approximation of wound as measured by using REEDA scale. Assumption Presence of episiotomy wound may predispose to wound infection. Lavender oil aids in improving the healing of episiotomy wound. Delimitation The study is limited to the postnatal mothers who had normal vaginal and instrumental delivery with episiotomy. The data collection period is limited for six weeks. Projected Outcomes This study will help in assessment of episiotomy wound healing among postnatal mothers. This study will help to evaluate the effectiveness of lavender oil sitz bath on episiotomy wound healing among postnatal mothers. This study enables nurses to practice lavender oil sitz bath during postnatal period.

Negotiating Identity: The Frontier in Moby-Dick, by Herman Melville :: Moby Dick Essays

Written during a period of American history characterized by great expansionism, Herman Melville's Moby-Dick may be read as a reflection upon both the rapidly changing geographical frontiers of America, and the accompanying shift of social, political, religious and cultural boundaries. The Pequod's world is governed by laws other than those of the American mainland. Figuratively situated at the frontier of the New World, the ship evokes the mythic American pioneer with the independent spirit, aggression and courage to wrench a nation from the wilderness. Melville lays out a version of the frontier myth that sees redefinition of national identity in terms of man confronting his other, reaffirming the self, and - through Ishmael's survival and narration - returning to civilization having defined what he is not.. Captain Ahab and his obsessive quest for the white whale symbolize in its most extreme form, an American desire to face the wild unknown and to promote national ascendancy thro ugh the confrontation. This paper will examine the seductive but limited conditions under which claims to define American-ness are able to be made in Moby-Dick, through interrogating the way in which the crew's desires are subsumed into Ahab's private vendetta. The notion of the frontier as a place of infinite possibility, where power relations are renegotiated, even as are geographical limits, goes some way towards explaining why, despite Ahab's disregard for his men's well-being, they agree to follow him down his tragic path. Both the license that Ahab's position gives him to compel them into action, and his ability to tap the crew's own belief in the power of the mythical American capacity for self-reinvention, indicate the potential for unbridled violence in the search for the self. Crucially, this highlights the discrepancy between America's claims of its own democracy, liberty and equality, and its national enthusiasm for imperialist conquest and its tolerance of slavery. The pervasiveness of the mythological connection between American self-invention and aggression, is underlined by Slotkin in his claim that the first colonists saw in America an opportunity to regenerate their fortunes, their spirits, and the power of their church and nation; but the means to that regeneration ultimately became the means of violence, and the myth of regeneration through violence became the structuring metaphor of the American experience. (Slotkin, 5) Renowned for the risk it involved, and for the physical demands it made on the sailors, whaling invites many comparisons with both the pioneer's intrepid conquest of the western wilderness, and the march of soldiers into war.

Critically discuss different possible meanings of justice

As Lord Wright commented there is not satisfactory definition of justice. What is considered just in a particular case is what appears just by a just man. Similarly, the thing that appears reasonable to a reasonable man would be considered as reasonable. However, some people may see justice as applying the same rules in the same manner to all people. In other words, treating like cases alike. But then again, this could also lead injustice. Because people have varied definitions of justice, the issues of fairness and equality help support the concept. This shows the link between law and justice. However, it helps identify miscarriages of justice where people are wrongly convicted of criminal offences. Aristotle who was an ancient Greek philosopher, was one of the first to put forward his view. His theory was that a just law is one that would enable people to fulfil themselves in society. Meaning the law should promote justice. This made him differentiate the concept into two types; distributive and corrective justice. Distributive justice is the allocation of assets with the ideal of achieving proportion according to each individuals claim. You can read also:  Justice System Position Paper In other words, all benefits and burdens should be distributed fairly. On the other hand, corrective justice is when someone disappoints distributive justice, they should then be corrected. One could oppose distributive justice by some wrongdoing. This could then be corrected by courts, prisons, injunctions etc. The main aim of this is to redistribute the assets, which then leads to a fair system. However, there are more varied theories on the relationship between law and justice. For instance, the theory of natural law and utilitarianism. The theory of natural law is an idea that all law is ultimately derived from a divine source which is higher than a man made law. Aristotle believed that this higher law was derived from nature. However, St. Thomas Aquinas believed that this higher law was derived from God. Therefore any law that is against the human good or even against Gods will is not true law and should not be adhered to. But then this means that natural law theorist would not abide by the legal rules of the country as these are not Gods rules. But, in actual fact they should be obeyed, as not doing so would result in social disorders taking place. The theory of utilitarianism takes a look at society as a whole nation, not an individual. The main proponents of this theory are; John Stuart Mill and Jeremy Bentham. They believe that a law is just if it benefits the majority of the people even if it results with injustice for the minority. Proponents do not only have a look at the law, but also take into consideration the consequence of the law to see if the outcome is just towards society for the greater number. If a law benefits more people within society than what it harms, then this would be known as just in the eyes of utilitarianism proponents. The criticism of the utilitarianism approach is that it focuses on justice for the society as a whole, but what is to happen with the one who doesn't attain justice due to the majority. Doesn't that individual have a right to justice and a fair trial? For example, in the case of R V Brown (how? ) Furthermore, there are more theories on the economic view of law and justice; like economic analysis, Rawls theory, Nozick and the minimal state, Karl Marx and lastly Hans Kelsen. Economic analysis is a theory that works on the basis that everything has a financial value. Regardless if you are buying something, or if you are selling it, it still has a financial value. The main conflict is the balance between the needs of the society and the needs of the individual. This is a very similar theory to that of the utilitarianism. For example, if a general practitioner would have to pay i500,000 for the surgical services in order to operate on an individual, who would he operate on; the one who has a life threatening condition which would use most of the budget up, or one whose condition is not life threatening and wouldn't use most of the budget up? For this scenario to be fair, I feel that regardless of the financial value, if the practitioner is able to provide the service he should do so. This is because it provides more of a just manner as someone who was of an upper class would still require the surgery and change the outcome of a life threatening to a non-life threatening. Ones financial status should not intervene of the law acting fair and just to an individual. Jhon Rawls theory was that the society should decide and design a set of principles which is just for the greater good of society. This way, the government as well as society know that these laws will be adhered to, and looked up to. This is because they are the laws which society produce and are more imaginary for the majority than having legal laws by the government. By designing a set of principles, the society would have to disregard their position within society. For example, the rich, poor, disabled, young, old etc. However, this could be a disadvantage as the rich would design principles that favour them and vice versa for the poor. Those who are not disabled would design laws to suit their needs, not taking into consideration the needs of the disabled. But then it was argued that the ‘original position' one is meant to be in at the time of setting the principles, they should be free from personal bias and take the needs of the society into consideration, without being selfish and looking at only their needs. However, this could be a limitation as some of society may feel that they were the least advantaged of the group. This would then lead to a disagreement of a set of basic rights and principles, which each member would find acceptable for their own requirements. He argues that there are two basic principles; first one being that a set of liberties would be available to all, like freedom of thought, speech and conscience. But then it would be compromised to meet the needs of the greater good. For example, because of having the public's interest to consider, you would disregard a dangerous criminal their right to liberty. The second principle being that each individual should have equal opportunity as well as equal distribution. Rawls considers equality as in the distribution of wealth. Inequality is only allowed to help the mast disadvantaged. These principles could then be argued as it does not state what is meant by fair, as this could mean†¦ it also does not describe or give a description as to what the basic rights and principles are of a human being. Could the basic right and principles be to have food and shelter on their plate, or would it be to have the freedom of speech etc. Nozick and the minimal state, is about how the state should have a minimum interference in people's lives, following a just society. The state should restrict to provide society with the basic needs like protecting one from theft or force. He felt that if ones property or wealth is legitimately and fairly obtained, then it is yours to keep. Property can be legitimately and fairly obtained in 3 ways; just acquisition like inheriting something legally, just transfer like purchasing something from another legally, and lastly just rectification following an unjust acquisition like returning stolen property to its rightful owner. Nozick does not look at how wealth should be redistributed to gain equality but in fact if you have attained something legally and fairly, it is yours to keep. He does not believe in the fact that property can be owned by the State, but it is owned by the individual. The main criticism for this theory is that it states that people, who don't have wealth, should not be helped from the state. If this was to become the reality, how do individuals be trained for a good job, if capital deprivation is there to prevent them? Karl Marx' theory is that the law and legal system should intervene in the life of society to redistribute the wealth amongst all. He thought that wealth and property should all be distributed in accordance with ones capacity and needs. This is because Marx rejected capitalism and felt that it was unjust to the society by having it implemented within the law. He feels that within a capitalist society all law is unjust. This is because it represents the means by which one class oppresses the class or classes below it. Therefore, their view is to redistribute the wealth equally within society regardless of one's financial status. As illustrated by the Soviet Union of the problems of communism. Formal justices are the mechanisms put in place to try and support a just society. It would be satisfied by the consistent and impartial application of rules and procedures without questioning the fairness and rightness of the outcome. These mechanisms within the legal status make sure that everyone is given equal treatment; no one is at a disadvantage than the other. The manner of interpreting and applying rules of law and enforcing decisions can be seen as formal justice. Therefore, equality in treatment is preserved. The Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 state the police powers and instructions for how a public authority should carry out their duties creating fairness and consistent acts. For example, when a defendant is being interviewed within a police interview room, whatever activities are carried out within the room are stated to the tape. So, if someone came in showing evidence, it will be stated who came in and what evidence was found. This will occur with all people who are being interviewed. Similarly, if someone had been stopped and searched, the police would have to ensure that they meet the requirements to stop and search. By having these procedures for the public authority to meet, it ensures the fairness within society will be created and maintained. In other words, people would abide by them which will create fairness within society making the outcome correct or right for society. By allowing individuals access to legal advice and representation, prevents bribery from occurring. In other words, by having someone present at the time of being questioned, the defendant could bribe public authority to acquit them. This then leads to an unfair trial which is not consistent and adherent to the rules. However, if a solicitor was present at the time, and there were recordings of the activities which took place during the room, it would be explicit as to whether bribery was taking place, if so, defendant can be prosecuted. By allowing the same rules applying to all individuals. The case of R V Thames Magistrates' Court Ex parte Polemis, illustrates that the defendant was not given enough time to prepare for his defence. This is because he was told the day before that he was due in court the following day. He also did not understand the language, therefore could not turn up in court. This could seem as unfair if the judges were to prosecute him for this. Lastly, by having the judicial review, the judges are able to review the decisions of politicians and the public officials. They decide whether the politician was within their rights to state or make that decision. However, the disadvantage is that they do not examine the merits of the decision as to what he impact will be on the society. By having a judicial review, it prevents politicians from making their own decisions for their own purposes without taking the interest of society into consideration. On the other hand substantive justice is the mechanisms that the legal system has in place to provide a just outcome. For example, the judicial precedent. This is when judges treat like cases alike. This moves away from binding precedent like overruling, distinguishing etc. Here, the doctrine of stare decisis is implemented. This is a policy of the courts to abide by the principles set out in previous cases like the Cunningham case for subjectively recklessness. It is also when the decision or answer to a question is answered by the judge from a lower court; it followed through to the rest of the courts. Another mechanism for substantive justice would be the sentencing. There are various aims of sentencing, but are they used correctly within society and allocated for the correct offences. For example within the summer riots, a women was sent to jail for 5 months for handling stolen goods, when she received then, having slept through the riots in which they were taken. Would this be considered as fair and just if she did not in actual fact steal the goods, or have any relation to it, except for the fact that she was handed over them the following day. Another example of sentencing within the summer riots is when a man was sent for imprisonment for 4 years for posting messages on Facebook encouraging the riots. Would this be considered as fair for the defendant, in other words would he gain anything from being sent to prison? The answer to this would be no, this is because if he had a community sentence, he would know a lot more about his community and therefore able to make a difference. As illustrated by Gilbert, the seriousness of the criminality must be matched with the seriousness of the penalty. Meaning, the type of crime they committed, the sentence should be equivalents and a penalty from which they can learn from their mistakes. To conclude this, as stated from the above, there are various definitions to justice; hence there is a problem of defining it. To gain perfect justice with any legal system is impossible. However, every legal system tries their utmost best to achieve justice for each individual. Aiming to treat them and achieve a ‘fair' and ‘just' solution. This showing that there is a relationship between the two; historically and theoretically.