Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change - 1404 Words

According to the reports of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, the people have to cut about 90% of the use of fossil fuels worldwide to have a slim chance of stopping Global Warming. If the people have anything less than the percentage given, Global Warming will not stop. As of now Global Warming is a big issue throughout the world. Some say Global Warming is just a myth to scare people and it’s just a natural cause, but there is proof that Global Warming is a fact and that the main cause of Global Warming is anthropogenic causes or man-made. Man has overused the burning of fossil fuels throughout generations and the numbers of burning fossil fuels keeps getting higher every year. The increase of temperatures, sea levels, and carbon dioxide in the last century shows evidence that Global Warming is occurring and man is the main problem. First of all, what is global warming? Global warming is the increase of Earth’s temperature due to carbon dioxide emis sions from burning fossil fuels also known as greenhouse gases (Global Warming). The carbon dioxide traps heat which would make the temperature to rise, this is known as the greenhouse effect. The main causes of global warming would have to be carbon dioxide and air pollution that is going around the atmosphere, trapping the sun’s heat which causes the earth to warm up. Human activity has been a key factor to that. The burning of fossil fuels causes a lot more greenhouse gases to be trapped in theShow MoreRelatedQualifications of Experts on the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change829 Words   |  3 Pagesof climate change has been a critical issue of concern to development, scientific and environmental researchers in the world. All over the world, there have been a lot of issues surrounding the causes and impacts of the phenomenon which led to the establishment of Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) to help assess and provide information about climate change to society (Agrawala, 1998). This essay presents arguments on who is qualified to be an Intergovernmental Panel on Climate ChangeRead MoreIntergovernmental Panel On Climate Change2626 Words   |  11 PagesIntergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) highlighted in its 5th Assessment Report both the unequivocal warming and apparent human influence on the climate system. Anthropogenic (human-induced) climate change was proven by the increasing atmospheric concentration of the greenhouse gases, radiative forcing, and observation over warming and the climate system. It is also emphasized that to reduce changes in the climate system will require substantial and continuous reductions of greenhouse gasRead MoreThe Intergovernmental Panel On Climate Change Advice For Policy Makers863 Words   |  4 PagesThe Intergovernmental panel on Climate Change advice for policy makers is a book with various statistics and facts about what the scientific community has been noticing about the changing environment. The hope for the panel when making this booklet is that they could help guide policy makers towards making more informed decisions about their policies and the effect it is having on the environment. While some of the evidence is almost indisputable many politicians still argue their validity due toRead MoreClimate Change And Its Effect On Earth Essay1293 Words   |  6 Pages What is climate change? Climate change, additionally called an unnatural weather change, alludes to the ascent in normal surface temperatures on Earth. The present warming pattern is of specific essentialness on the grounds that the majority of it is likely human-incited and continuing at a rate that is exceptional in the previous 1,300 years. Earth-circling satellites and other innovative advances have empowered researchers to see the comprehensive view, gathering a wide range of sorts of dataRead MoreThe Issue With Global Warming2241 Words   |  9 PagesHannah Rupp Ms. Clemson Honors English 9 4 June 2014 The Issue with Global Warming Since the 1980’s, climate scientists have constantly been telling the public that their actions were determining the Earth’s demise. They say that the polar ice caps are melting, sea levels are rising, and 1,700 coastal cities will be underwater by 2100 (Struss). And the public believes them. Little do they know that these alarmists are mistaken. Ice levels are growing, not shrinking. In fact, in May 2014, AntarcticRead MoreHuman Systems And Climate Change Essay785 Words   |  4 Pages IPCC Human Systems and Climate Change Overview Kristen Morgan California State University, Bakersfield Human Systems and Climate Change For the last decade, climate change has been a controversial topic amongst governing nations. Determining and agreeing upon appropriate courses of action, as well as the decided effects on populations and ecosystems have also long been debated. With little knowledge on the effects climate change might have on the human population, as well asRead MoreThe Environmental Impacts of Eco-friendly Construction Essay1172 Words   |  5 PagesThe Environmental Impacts of Eco-friendly Construction A considerable change which has occurred in the late 1990s is an increased number of precautions to minimize environmental damage. People, also have become more conscious about environmental protection and as a result there is increased demand for green architectural design which consists of eco-friendly construction. Eco friendly building refers to reduction of energy consumption, waste, pollution and degradation of the environment, protectingRead MoreHumans Impact On Climate Change925 Words   |  4 PagesHumans Impact on Climate Change Most of the blame for climate change over the years especially after the 1850’s has been placed on humans. As long as modern humans have roamed the earth, they have been upsetting the natural balance of the earth. People have did this by clearing areas of land, killing animals, polluting water, etc. Before the â€Å"modern human†, people like the Native Americans cared for the earth. They respected the land and the people that cared for it. Unfortunately, people don’t careRead MoreClimate Change, An Outline Essay876 Words   |  4 PagesClimate Change Topics: 1) What is climate change? 2) Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 3) Causes of climate change 4) Effects of climate change? 5) International Panels on Climate Change 6) What can be done at home? 1) What is climate change? Climate Change is the significant change in the climate and distribution of weather patterns on Earth ranging from the last decade to millennia earlier. 2) Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Currently chaired by Mr. Rajendra Pachauri, this organisationRead MoreNational And International Security Threats896 Words   |  4 Pagescentury† (p. 19). Climate change is a security issue, as it â€Å"threatens to wreak havoc on the natural processes that nurture life.† Examples of the environment as a national security issue: (Deforestation, air pollution, species extinction, oil spills, untreated sewage, etc.): Homer-Dixon (1999) gives examples of how environmental issues threaten security: â€Å"Deforestation increases the scarcity of forest resources, water pollution increases the scarcity of clean water, and climate change increases the

Differences Between Juvenile Adult Justice System Free Essays

Differences between Juvenile and Adult Systems Criminal Justice Systems, CJA302, Module IV – Case Assignment Dr. Gregory Herbert March 8, 2009 History of Criminal Justice System: Differences between Juvenile and Adult Systems When we talk about a juvenile being considered an adult for the purpose of administering justice, there are a multitude of factors that need and should be taken into consideration. First, is the age of the juvenile. We will write a custom essay sample on Differences Between Juvenile Adult Justice System or any similar topic only for you Order Now Secondly, it depends on the type of crime or crimes that the juvenile has committed. Next, is the extent to which the juvenile will benefit from services through the juvenile court system versus the adult court system. Then, the system will examine the degree of criminal sophistication exhibited by the minor. Also, in some instances, a fitness hearing must be held to determine if the minor is â€Å"a fit and proper subject to be dealt with under the juvenile court system†.The District Attorney’s office has 48 hours to decide whether or not to request a fitness hearing. After a fitness hearing is requested, the juvenile (defendant) will usually waive their rights to a speedy trial so both counsels can prepare their arguments for the fitness hearing. All entities will refer to California Welfare and Institutions Code 707 and use the following criteria to determine the juvenile’s fitness.Beginning with the juvenile’s degree of criminal sophistication, whether the juvenile can be rehabilitated prior to the expiration of the juvenile courtâ₠¬â„¢s jurisdiction, previous delinquent history, success of previous attempts by the juvenile court to rehabilitate the juvenile, along with the circumstances and gravity of the offense alleged in the petition to have been committed by the juvenile. There are waiver laws that provide a waiver of juvenile court jurisdiction under certain circumstances, allowing for the transfer of a juvenile’s case from the juvenile system to the criminal court system.There are three types of waivers used in determining whether a juvenile will be tried as an adult. First there is a Legislative Waiver which states; by law, the juvenile’s case must be held in the adult criminal court, based on the offense committed under WIC 602(b)(A) through (G) and the minimum age to be tried as an adult is fourteen years. Some of the offenses that fall under WIC 60(b)(A)-(G) include: murder, rape, forcible sex offenses, forcible lewd and lascivious acts on a child under the age of fourteen, and forcible penetration with an object.The second type of waiver is the Direct File Waiver (formerly known as a Prosecutorial Waiver). The Direct File Waiver allows for the prosecutor to file a criminal claim against a juvenile ‘directly’ in adult criminal court, eliminating the need for a fitness hearing. But, judges may transfer a juvenile to an appropriate juvenile court if the judge deems it to be fair and just. The third type of waiver is the Judicial Waiver. The Judicial Waiver states that in order for a juvenile to be transferred to the adult criminal court, it requires the juvenile to be found â€Å"unfit† for the juvenile system in a fitness hearing.The minimum age of the minor is fourteen years of age. In an effort to fight against juveniles from committing serious crimes, the voters of California in March of 2000 passed Proposition 21 (Gang Violence and the Juvenile Crime Prevention Act). Proposition 21 increased a variety of criminal penalties for crimes committed by juveniles and incorporated many juvenile offenses into the adult criminal system. There is increased punishment for gang related felonies, death penalty for gang-related murder, indeterminate life sentences for home-invasion robbery, carjacking, drive-by shootings, and many other crimes.This Proposition also requires adult trial for juveniles fourteen or older charged with murder or specified sex offenses. Informal probation for juveniles committing felonies was also eliminated and registration was required for gang related offenses. Legislation like that of Proposition 21 shifts the focus of juvenile justice from rehabilitation to punishment as the number of waivers continues to increase nationwide. The juvenile justice system traditionally individualized its decisions due to its rehabilitative nature and perception that juveniles do not have fully developed concepts of what is right and wrong.Also, Proposition 21 shifts the discretionary power from judges to prosecutors. As with most problems in our society, juvenile justice could be more effective as a whole.References Cruz, J. (2002). Juvenile Waivers and the Effects of Proposition 21. Law and Society Review. Retrieved March 3, from www. lawso. ucsb. edu/rreview/issues/2001-2002. Unknown. (2000). California Proposition 21. Retrieved on March 6, 2009 from http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/California_Proposition_21_(2000) Unknown. (2005). The Juvenile Justice System. Retrieved on March 3, 2009 from www. csustan. edu/socialwork How to cite Differences Between Juvenile Adult Justice System, Papers

Operant Conditioning of Autobiographical †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Operant Conditioning of Autobiographical. Answer: Introduction Changing the behavior of young children in order to increase their interest on education is an important part of their characteristics development. The principles of operant conditioning are an important learning tool which helps to change the behavior of young children and help India characteristics development Management. With the help of this learning style it is possible to modify the behavior and thereby change the consequence of characteristics at individual level. The current study focuses on various aspects and theory is related to operant conditioning that can be applied in a case scenario where possible intervention measures can be taken in order to change the behavior of primary students. It also aims to develop an interest among young children about the subjects that are being taught in the class. The strengths and weaknesses of operant conditioning principles are also mentioned that can be applied in the given scenario. At the end final judgment is given on sustainability of operant conditioning which is an approach to bring about behavioral change among primary students. Range of behaviour by Primary Children The behavior that is displayed by primary children with in the classroom is one of the major concerns of early childhood educators. According to Olson (2015), inattention and disturbing behavior of the child of primary classroom are one of the major issues that causes trouble in the overall learning process. Eysenck and Rachman (2013), have added in the context that lack of interest in the learning process due to less attractive mode of education is one of the prime reason for the young children to have disturbing behavior. They also have lack of interest in the education process and the learning system due to prolonged class sessions and in attractive way of teaching. It may be also challenging for them to understand the importance of learning process and also developed the curiosity to gain more knowledge. Lack of concentration among the students is also a major issue that creates problem for the teacher completes the overall learning process. In the given case Jane faces challenges due to lack of participation of the primary students in the teaching process. Lack of communication within the students and also from the teacher is the main cause of lack of student participation in class discussion sessions. The students also failed to gain knowledge and understand the learning lessons as they are not paying attention to the teachings of the class. Hence it is important Jane to ensure that the students change their behavior about the learning process and take active participation in the learning lessons. The principle of operant conditioning is used in the overall process in order to bring about change in the behavior of the primary students. The relevant theories can also be applied in to achieve the purpose. Operant Conditioning and its Application The principles of operant conditioning deal with factors that are the result of intentional actions and that also has the power to affect the surrounding environment. With the application of this theory it is possible to predict the behavior of an individual insert external condition which is more likely to occur. According to the theories of BF Skinner who is regarded as the father of Management operant conditioning, a new term named as the Law of Effect (Zhang et al., 2015). Behavior is regarded as reinforced Trends that can be repeated within characteristics of an individual. On the other hand the behavior which is not reinforced tends to extinguish or weakens along with time. There are many cases where behavior of an individual can be affected due to the act of some other person in the society. According to Debeer et al., (2014), the young children are the worst affected group who get influenced from the characteristics of the society. The behavior of young children totally depen ds on the behavior shown by the elders surrounding them. Positive reinforcement is a major element that can help to improve the behavioral characteristics of a young child and thereby develop their social skills. On the other hand negative reinforcement also has a strong influence on the behavior of a child. Nevertheless negative reinforcement in the behavior of a child can help to remove unpleasant experiences (Brush, 2014). The punishment that are provided two children acts as opposite action of reinforcement as it weekends or eliminates the response of a behavior. It also reverses the behavior of positive or negative characteristics. Demetriou et al., (2016), have mentioned that the main purpose operant conditioning is to modify behavior with the help of positive and negative reinforcement. It is also possible for a child to make association with a particular kind of behavior and also the type of consequences associated with it. For example parents regarding a child for their excellence for achieving something can help as a source of positive reinforcement that can modify the behavior of the child and develop the feeling of encouragement. In the given case, Jain is facing challenge to manage the class of primary students who do not show any encouragement to the lessons that are being taught. They also do not complete their assignment and therefore not able to complete their study lessons. Other Relevant Theories and Strength and weakness of Operant Conditioning In the year 1958 Lawrence Kohlberg develop the theory that explained the model behavioral development within children. According to this theory the moral development of a child occurs at three levels (Kurtines et al., 2014). The first level is called the Preconvention morality, which is the stage up to 9 to 10 years old. At this stage a child do not have their own code of personality or morality. Hamster model behavior is shaped according to the standards of the adults of their life. Child also launches to distinguish between good and bad and thereby is able to avoid the bad things. Punishment is given to a child for doing any wrong things. It is therefore possible for a child to develop the judgmental capacity to choose between correct and wrong decisions. In second level, a young adolescence child begins to develop this moral standard of their adulthood stage. An individual have the capacity to replicate the behavior of a good person and thereby maintain healthy social interaction life. The behavioral awareness among individual increases, and thereby it is possible to follow the protocol of the society. Finally it is the stage of post conventional morality, where an individual develops their own Management judgmental capacity. A child at this stage also becomes aware of the fact that their decision and behavior can influence other people of the society and hence they learn the capacity control their behavior according to different situations (Snarey Samuelson, 2015). One of the main highlighting strength about this theory is that unlike operant conditioning principles this theory can provide details about behavioral developmental within a child and also provide description of each stage of development. Nevertheless, this theory does not provide any proper suggestions to influence the behavior of a child and also improve they are interest upon the education. The Ericsson's theory of psychological development can be divided into 8 different stages that help a child to develop their behavior for a better quality of adulthood life. All healthy individuals must pass through these 8 stages in order to have a healthy character development. The primary stage of this theory is the concept of Trust versus mistrust. A child learns to distinguish between the things that they can trust upon and the things that they might not feel safe. The second stage is about autonomy versus shame and doubt. Here, the child is able to distinguish they are on behavioral characteristics and thereby develop an independent sense of their own. In the following stage a child Learns to develop the behavior of interacting with other children of the society enhance their social skills. They also learn the initiative to take responsibility of their own behavior. The Fourth Stage is an important in the context that in this process a child learns the skill to develop education and also grow a sense of self esteem. This encourages them to gain knowledge from the learning lessons (Macnamara et al., 2016). The next stage occurs during the time of adolescence, where an individual develops the sense of self identity and also has their personal moral values. The behavioral change between childhood and adolescence also occurs during this stage. The next three stages of this theory focuses on life of adulthood middle age and old age. During the stages and individual learn to live in harmony with other people of the society and also develop the characteristics to modify their behavior according to situation they face. The behavior of an individual also decides up on the status of relationship with different other individual of family and social circle (Chee, 2014). There is also the Piagets theory of cognitive development, which aims to develop better understanding of Intelligence growth within individuals. Every child develops their own mental model about the concepts of life. With the help of this theory it is possible to understand the importance of childhood mental development and also modify their behavioral characteristics that can help them in better understanding of the surrounding environment. However, the main drawback of this theory is that it is not possible to measure the IQ level of each student in a primary class. Therefore it is not also possible for that teacher like Jane, to develop a better plan for providing education to the primary Management students. On the other hand, the main strength of this theory is that it tries to explore the genetic cause for behavioral characteristics of a child (Mischel, 2013). As the principles of operant conditioning are strictly based on experimental studies they cannot be applied in every situation of childhood to improve the behavior of students. On the other hand the above-mentioned theories are more practical based and helps to develop the behavioral characteristics depending upon the age of a child. Moreover the principles also defy few of the traditional theories of psychology and hence, there is risk of negative behavioral change among the students (Murphy Lupfer, 2014). It is also challenging to track the progress of behavioral improvement among primary students as like the traditional theories the operant conditioning cannot be applied according to age criteria. Nevertheless the principles of operant conditioning are regarded as most practically applicable tool to influence the behavior of a child in order to develop their sense and learning ability. The research for that develops the principles of operant conditioning has been done without any bias and hence it is possible to be applied for all kind of challenges faced by all categories of primary students. This theory is mainly applicable for educational behavioral change among primary students rather than overall characteristics build up of an individual. Suitability of Operant Conditioning In the given scenario, where Jane has to face challenge due to the lack of attention of the students, it is important to apply the principles of operant conditioning that will help in the behavioural development of the students. As it will apply the positive reinforcement, it will help the children to make use of the positive change within the behaviour and also upon the classroom, which will help to develop the interest among the students. With the help of change in the behaviour among the primary students, it is possible for Jane to develop a sense of better understanding among the students and also develop their curiosity. As the principles aims to change the behaviour of an individual, it is possible to deal with the negative and de-motivated thoughts among individuals. Nevertheless, Jane also needs to ensure that the students are not given enough pressure to change upon their behaviour, which could develop the sense of negative attitude. Moreover, as the principles of operant co nditioning were developed only to influence the classroom behaviour of an individual child, it is not possible to deal with the other social behaviour of a young child. Reference Brush, F. R. (Ed.). (2014).Aversive conditioning and learning. Academic Press. Eysenck, H. J., Rachman, S. (2013).The Causes and Cures of Neurosis (Psychology Revivals): An Introduction to Modern Behaviour Therapy Based on Learning Theory and the Principles of Conditioning. Routledge. Olson, M. H. (2015).An introduction to theories of learning. Psychology Press. Demetriou, A., Shayer, M., Efklides, A. (Eds.). (2016).Neo-Piagetian Theories of Cognitive Development: Implications and Applications for Education. Routledge. Kurtines, W. M., Gewirtz, J., Lamb, J. L. (2014).Handbook of Moral Behavior and Development: Volume 1: Theory. Psychology Press. Snarey, J., Samuelson, P. L. (2015). Lawrence Kohlbergs revolutionary ideas.Handbook of moral and character education, 61-83. Macnamara, B. N., Hambrick, D. Z., Moreau, D. (2016). How Important Is Deliberate Practice? Reply to Ericsson (2016).Perspectives on Psychological Science,11(3), 355-358. Chee, J. (2014). Clinical simulation using deliberate practice in nursing education: A Wilsonian concept analysis.Nurse education in practice,14(3), 247-252. Mischel, T. (Ed.). (2013).Cognitive development and epistemology. Academic Press. Murphy, E. S., Lupfer, G. J. (2014). Basic Principles of Operant Conditioning.The Wiley Blackwell Handbook of Operant and Classical Conditioning, 165-194. Debeer, E., Raes, F., Williams, J. M. G., Craeynest, M., Hermans, D. (2014). Operant conditioning of autobiographical memory retrieval.Memory,22(3), 171-183. Zhang, X., Ruan, X., Xiao, Y., Huang, J. (2015, December). A self-learning sensorimotor model based on operant conditioning theory. InAdvanced Information Technology, Electronic and Automation Control Conference (IAEAC), 2015 IEEE(pp. 572-576). IEEE.